The United Nations was created in 1951 to:

* Maintain international peace, stability and security
* Promote international economoy and social cooperation
* Promote RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS OF ALL PEOPLES

This 3rd objective of the UN was novelty in a way; because It was the time to start to being conscious about human rights, to act for it...

This was showing that: "human rights" is being high-politics issue... It should be taken into consideration!!!

First issue was "colonisation" what you satrted to talk about human-rights in the beginning... As continuation of "mandate commission" in League of Nations, Trusteeship Council is there... We see that the Council dpesn't work especially after 1994. All of the mandate countries became independernt. Last one was Palau Islands...

And the UN Bodies show us how the UN deals with that topic...

@ GENERAL ASSEMBLY: As general organ, deals with everything! And the Third Commity of General Assembly deals with it...

@ ECONOMIC and SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC): It also makes recommendations to General Assembly and it also receives reports from other Internationsl Organizations about Human Rights...

@The UN COMMISSION on HUMAN RIGHTS: This WAS main policy making body on Human Rights. It WAS based on geographical groupings. It HAD 53 members.
It FUNCTIONED under the ECOSOC. It was meeting each 6 months ( extra ordinary meeting were rare but happened...). Politics were playing important role ( this was the probşem for the Commission; like in the Security Council and NGO's were critisizing..)
It was drafting international HR Conventions- Decleratşons...
It was designating reporters..
It was making researches
It based in Geneva, NGOs were part of it...

Why I used PAST TENSE?
Because;

@The UN HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL created in 25th of March 2006 and teh UN Commission on HR replaced by Council...
The idea was from my beloved Kofi Annan ( Especially after the US invasion of Iraq...)
in 2006 General Assembly voted to establish that Council and with 170 infavor votes; Council created. In voting there were 4 against (two of them from the U.S, Israel) and 3 abstained (from Venezuela, Iran and Belarus)

news with the council:
*higher status ( subsidary for UNGA, not ECOSOC)
*standing body

membership: having 47 members. equal ( geographical) representation is adopted. amember can stay 6 years and to go on, ıt has to be elected again. UNGA selectes the members according to absolute majority. If a member viloates human rights, membershio would be suspended. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International agreed this Council.

@ The UN CENTER for HR: places in Geneva as monitoring body. Composed on independent experts: lawyers, academicians...
Probşem of it: financial problems! Voluntary addition is not permitted concerning some abuses... And their budget is so limited..

@ The UN HIGH COMMISSIONER for HR: in 1993 in Vienna decided and in 1994 created.
Function: to carry out good offices on the UN on behalf of the Secretary General.
Mary Robinson, De Melli , L. Arbour were names as Commissioner.

+
UNHCR, UNICEF, UN Commission for Women have been worrking for proliferation of work of the UN on HR.

I will just try to summarize League of Nations (R.I.P) and its new form the United Nations where almost all social scientist wants to work after their graduation(like me), where we think that It has power to change, where sounds like idealist magical mechanism can cure all the wounds...

I wish this summary will contribute your intellectual and academic knowledge.
Plus, If you are interested in global governance and global poltics these information would think you in a bureaucratic and in a historical way as well...

well, as an senior international relations student ( in Middle East Technical University, Ankara, TR) , I have to admit that; I didn't feed my academic background with the mainstream realist approach, so you can see the signs of my idealist, activist comments during the explanations... (for your information from now...)


Let's start...

As you all know, these two organizations are about world. And world history is about WAR... ( Unfortunately but It is...)

And the League of Nations (LoN) was created just after World War I (WW I) in 1918 with Paris and versay Treaties. Of course the creators were the winners ( like the ones who writes the history ;))

As you guess the aim of the LoN: To prevent another possible big war and to promote peace and stability.

Idea comes with the "harmony of interests" including Wilson Principles and of course MY DEAR westphalian Principles ( you know by 1648, sovereign states emerged through that treaty...)

There were some lessons which were concluded from WW I... And the LoN tried not to repeat yesterdays mistake ;) Like:

*"Balance of Power" NO FUNCCIONA! and that caused the war! New idea should be with LoN which is COLLECTIVE SECURITY

*Secret dealing is so dangerous and they should prevent it thorugh and organization which is open to everyone. So agreement will be open, everyone would know who will do what.. so: NO FEAR...
Let's remember bad faith of OPEC... Ahhh cheating, always bad...

*Economic partners are needed... After WW I, they realised that US should be around, close around... And that's why; just like in the UN's Chapter 7; they put economic sanstions as well...

And the Main Prınciples of the LoN:

--> liberal idea of world order ( like in the UN)
-->the idea of peace loving states coming together*** this was very important because that was defining the membership process as well. In the LoN, to be member, you have to be "democratic" That rule carried the "democratic peace theory" but at the same time constitutes a challange to "collective security". Because colective security is sth INCLUSIVE. But; that rule made the LoN an exclusive body.
-->Harmony of interest : all states want to prevent war! GREAT DEAL = NO WAR!
-->Collective Security. According to Lon's Article 10; agression against one member, would mean agression against all... Plus, According to Art. 16; If any member go for war, It's war against all...
(Here I advise you to listen "Come Together , from The Beatles...)
--> Soeverign equality... Ohh mY darling, ohh my darling, ohh my darling Westphaliaaa :p
[LoN is not an organization above states but an organization created by states]

Membership in LoN: As I said; to be member, you have to be democratic. ( I remember Kant, they did as well it seems...) Because they were thinking, If a country is democratic, she will not fight! So; Let's take the quarantee... But would they do if the public wouldn't be heard by the governers? Or the public would be manipulated? Anyway, because of LoN's that exclusive behavior, LoN never became an global organization, in 1925; LoN had 50 members...

Now: the UN has 192 members ( last one is the Montenegro, joined that summer... 28 June 2006... Happy for them)

When we come to ORGANS of the LoN:
@ Leauge Assembly ( like the General Assembly in the United Nations) Equality principle is valid = ONE STATE - ONE VOTE ... To take decision; complete unanimity is needed ( in the United Nations 2/3 is enough...)

@ League Council (like the Security Council in the UN) has 2 kinds of membership.
---> Permanent members (had 4 -->Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan)
--->Temporary Members (had 6 later 9..)
again complete unanimity is needed in decision making!

#IMPORTANT#
in LoN, there were two equal power: League Assembly and League Council
in the UN, Security Council has independent power!

@Secretary General: In LoN's short history; It has 3 secretary Generals appointed by Assembly and the Council... This was importnan to be reeal organization. Secretary was like prove that they are serios real institution...

@7 Commissions... of course compared with the UN, it has limited organizationla structure.
some important commissons:

*Minorities commission: Of course It was not about ethnic minorities that we discuss now.. It was mostly for the Eastern and Centreal European Countries and minorities there. IT was not dominant agenda topic these days...

*Mandates Commission ( It was followed by Trusteeship Council in the UN) this was for former colonies of defeated powers. There was 3 categories: A, B, C.. ( c ones was for the hopeless mandates..) And A mandates were closest to the independest like: Syria & Lebanon ( from FR) and Iraq and Palestine ( from England..)

Well; What the LoN did?

well, failures, successes..

Let's start with good and short news:

Successes:

*Managed the conflict for border problems between Greece and Bulgaria / Finland and Sweeden...
*Managed the Musul issue, Musul was given to Iraq, and Hayat to Turkey...

Btw; Turkey 1932 became a member of the LoN.
The US; was one of the signatories but never ratified the covenant...

Crisis: /Failures:
1932 Manchurian Crisis... How İt cannot failure.. Japan was on action as a council permanent member.. Not solved...
1934-35 Ethiopian Crisis: Econonmic Sanction were given to ıtaly but couldn't be taken...
last cirsis was german cirisis ( re-armement of germany) this couldn't be solved and took us another big war; World War II and took the ned of the LoN...


Why it end of course there were some problems in the system... And the UN; tried to to repeat them... Problems were:

< no real commitment on collective action ( sitll balance of power was there..)
>membership was exclusive ( conflict with collective idea...
< capabilities were limited, interests were localizedd...

and then during WW II, The stones of the UN satrted to be build...

And another story began to prevent war again...

gidiyor gibi gözüken kardeşe... belki de geliyordur. ha ben gidiyorum onu karıştırmayalım :..)
neyse işte: yaşamdır :)


önümüzde upuzun bir hayat çizgisi olsun varsın... üstüne bir sürü post-itler yapıştıralım, kaç yaşında ne yaptığımızı anlamak-hatırlamak adına. ömrümüzün en son zamanlarından bir kağı çekelim. 20li yaşlarımızda ( twentysomething ;)) önümüzde sınav, dişimizde ağrı, elimide bir kitap olduğu geceyi yazmış olalım.

Ve o kağıtta oruç aruoba'nın yazdıklari vurmuş olsun günümüze, dünümüze, yarınımıza...

"Yaşamında değişiklikler yapman yıllar sürecek __
çünkü, yaşamında değişiklik yapman, yaşamında
ilişkide olduğun, öenm verdiğin, sevdiğin, saydığın
kişilerde değişiklik yapmak zorunda kalman olacak:
Onlara verdiğin önemde, sevgide, saygıda değişiklik yapman __ sonra da, onları bırakman, onlardan ayrılman, kopman


Ama bu hep böyle sürüp gidecek:
yaşamda değişiklik yaratacak 'karar'larda,
gelip ya da gidip bir kişiye dayanman bir gerekçe,
geçerli olamaz.

__ Yaşam, hep, gelip, kişilere __ bir kişiden gelip başka bir kişiye __ bağlanandır; işte sonra da ondan __onlardan__ ayrılıp kopup giden..."


tüm bunlara rağmen gitmiyorum diyorum, ya da gittiniz hepiniz diyorum çünkü hala benim yaşamımsınız...

Bazı zamanlar oluyor hayatımda.. çok şanslı olduğum için çok sıkça oluyor bu anlar hayatımda...

David, annem babam, Ege Restaurant'a da öyle hissetmiştim, dün de... hatta öyle çok hissediyorum ki... Hatta bu zamanlarda gözlerim doluyor, kızarıyor... Elimde bir kadeh varsa, hemen "ahaa alkol çarptı" diyenler oluyor.. Halbu ki; tek alkolün çarpmadığı ben oluyorum...

Ha burdan başka bir konuya açıklık getireyim... En yakın arakadaşım beni hiç sarhoş görmediğini, neden sarhoş olmadığımı sorup duruyor. Bence "an"lar yüzünden.. Öyle anlar oluyor ki; alkolden çok hayat çarpıyor bana, içim öyle bi mutlu oluyor ki; sanıyorum vucudumdaki kimyasallar şaşıyor ve alkol vız geliyor falan filan...
Bahçede kimsenin görmediği beyaz taş oturuveriyor yüreğime bazen...
Neyse...

Anlatayım ben...

Tina'dan beni rüyasında gördüğü mesajını aldığımda mesela,

Ya da biz çimlerde otururken arkadaşlarımla, Paola'nın Italya'dan aradığı zaman( Zaragoza'da sıkça görüştüğüm arkadaşım olacak, arkadaşım olan Paula...), Ailecek yemek yediğimiz zaman, bir de dün böyle hissettim... Eda'ya Tenedosta, çimlerde, dolmuşta, telefondan Ezgi'nin Günlüğü gelince......

Dün ofisten çıktık, yemekhaneye yemek yemeğe giderken ilk ben çıktım MM'in kapısından, kapıyı tuttum v herkesin bir bir çıkmasını bekledim. Tam o andan önce nescafe makinesinden kahve içmiştik ve yuvarlak olsun diye 12.30 u bekliyorduk yemeğe gitmek için. İşte o an; bir kaç kişinin daha yanımda olmasını diledim. Ama bunu hep yapıyorum. Bu kez o dileğimden de öte bir şey oldu: çok mutlu oldum. Arkadaşlarımla, dostlarımla olmaktan, hayatı paylaşmaktan, lüzumsuz yere herkes açken inatla 12.30 u beklediğimiz icin, 12.30 u aslında beklmemiz gerektiği, o saatin aslında kimsenin anlayamayacağı kadar özel olduğunu bildiğim için...

İŞte "Bir ömür yetmez" filmindeki Lorenzo gibi iç sesimi duymaya başladım. Herkes konuşuyordu ben de bir şeyler düşünüyor gibi sessiz bir halim vardı..
İşte o srada Lorenzo'nun dediklerini aynen söylemek istedim. Beceremedim elbette.. Belki yine beceremeyeceğim ama söylüyorum...

"Bazı anlar oluyor hayatımda... Çok mutlu oluyorum... İŞte o anlarım daima sürmesini istiyorum. Daima diye bir şeyin olmadığını bilsem bile..."

Unutmuşum demeyi; sevgili ferzan özpetek; ben seni anladım. Bence de; bu aşklara bu dostluklara "bir ömür yetmez"...İster saturn ters olsun, ister düz olsun, isterse ters düz olsun...

Gabriella Ferri'den "Remedios" u dinleyin :)

Eğer vakit bahar vaktiyse, çiçek olalım, çoğalalım, açalım, büyüyelim, renk verelim...

e mi?